美国体系中的少数群体边缘化

2026-10-15 · Ho Chanh Nghia

本文译自英文原文。引文保留英文原文，并附译文。

最初撰写于2021年6月。“去年”指的是2020年；“前总统特朗普”是截至该日期的称呼。

目前，美国有超过2200万亚裔美国人，约占总人口的7%，我们是增长最快的具有投票资格的种族或族裔群体123。然而，历史和神话仍然将我们视为局外人4。本文追溯了这段历史，说明了疫情如何使这段历史重现，解释了为什么仅靠压力无法终结种族主义，并主张我们必须增强自身力量，与其他少数群体并肩而立。

悠久的历史

19世纪，我们来到这里是为了工作、财富和机会。随着我们人数的增加，白人美国人担心我们会抢走他们的工作，于是他们将我们描绘成需要控制和驯服的永远的外国人。5 法律紧随恐惧而来。1875年的《佩奇法案》（Page Act）和1882年的《排华法案》（Chinese Exclusion Act）关闭了大门。6 公民身份仅保留给白人，1870年后也包括非洲裔美国人，因此亚洲移民无法入籍。7 加利福尼亚州1913年的《外国人土地法》（Alien Land Law）禁止“无法入籍的外国人”购买土地，其他州也纷纷效仿。8 直到1948年，加利福尼亚州一直宣布白人与“蒙古人”（“Mongolians”）之间的婚姻无效。9 1854年，加利福尼亚州最高法院推翻了一起谋杀定罪，因为该定罪基于中国证人的证词。10

这种模式从未结束。2001年9月11日事件后，锡克教徒和南亚裔美国人成为联邦机构调查的800多起暴力事件、威胁、破坏和纵火事件的目标之一11。2003年非典疫情期间，恐惧和污名化最严重地落在亚裔美国人社区，一些美国人对任何看起来像亚洲人的人都产生了怀疑12。尽管如此，我们还是成功了，尽管从未没有争议13。

疫情

新冠疫情让这一切再次发生。仅在2020年3月19日至8月5日期间，“停止针对亚裔的仇恨”（Stop AAPI Hate）就收到了2,583起针对亚裔的歧视报告14。到2021年2月底，这一数字上升至3,795起，其中大部分是言语骚扰，约11%涉及身体攻击15。在美国16个最大的城市中，警方报告的针对亚裔的仇恨犯罪在2020年增加了近150%，而整体仇恨犯罪却有所下降16。我们的孩子在学校遭到欺凌，并被指责为病毒的源头；在2020年报告的青少年事件中，超过一半的骚扰者使用了针对中国的语言17。前总统特朗普将冠状病毒称为“中国病毒”（“China virus”）和“功夫流感”（“kung flu”）18。我认为他的话助长了仇恨。

随后，2021年3月16日，一名枪手在亚特兰大地区三家水疗中心枪杀了八人，其中六人为亚裔女性。19

我们的社区受到了创伤。一位来自加利福尼亚州花园格罗夫的越南男子告诉VnExpress，他现在不敢再不带着孩子出门，害怕有人会因为他具有亚洲人的身份而将他打倒或刺杀致死20。我们中有很多人每天都生活在这样的恐惧之中。一些年轻的亚裔美国人因为种族主义等原因，选择离开美国前往亚洲21。而剩下的我们则在问，我们在这个国家的位置到底在哪里。

所有这些都发生在全世界关注着黑人美国人几乎每天所承受的苦难之时。在乔治·弗洛伊德（George Floyd）、布伦娜·泰勒（Breonna Taylor）、阿哈默德·阿伯里（Ahmaud Arbery）、埃里克·加纳（Eric Garner）等人遇害之后，亚裔美国人纷纷为“黑人的命也是命”（Black Lives Matter）发声22。我们的领导人明白，除非正视系统性种族主义，否则在美国不可能实现正义。

保护自己

如果我们不能指望他人来保护我们，我们必须自己保护自己。无论这个国家能做什么，我们作为个人也应该能够做到。为了保卫我们自己、我们的家庭和我们的利益，我们必须建立自己的军事、政治和媒体力量。

亚裔美国人正在购买更多的枪支，尽管加利福尼亚州阿卡迪亚的一位枪支商店老板指出，“基本上每个人”都对枪支表现出浓厚的兴趣。23 根据美国射击运动基金会（National Shooting Sports Foundation）去年的一项调查，零售商估计2020年上半年对亚裔顾客的枪支销售量增长了近43%。同一项调查还估计，对白人顾客的销售增长了52%，对黑人顾客的销售增长了58%。24

华盛顿注意到了。2021年2月26日，代理副司法部长约翰·卡尔林（John Carlin）表示，“全国各地针对亚裔美国人的可怕袭击”在“我们的社会中没有容身之地”，并称司法部“致力于制止这种现象”。25 话语是受欢迎的，但保护措施更为重要。

为什么仅靠压力无法奏效

尽管几十年来一直有反对偏见的积极行动，但种族主义正在抬头。《新共和国》（The New Republic）上发表的研究表明，一旦种族偏见和仇恨意识形态在大脑中扎根，就可能难以甚至无法消除。26 数百万美元被投入到公司和警察部门的高知名度反对偏见项目中，但几乎没有证据表明这些项目有效。27 更糟糕的是，反对偏见的教育反而滋生了自身的怨恨，针对白人所拥有的特权，因为种族主义的受害者也需要一个仇恨的对象。28

在我看来，美国与种族相关的暴力的根源是白人至上主义，它源于旧的科学种族主义理论，并被用来为殖民主义辩护。

推人的人往往会遭到反击。没有人喜欢被告诉该如何思考或感受，这在一定程度上解释了白人至上主义者持续的反扑29。而且几乎所有有组织的反种族主义工作都是自上而下进行的：顶层的种族主义者被要求改变，而底层的受害者则仅仅被要求向当局报告他们的不满30。

仅通过施压种族主义者就能结束种族主义吗？可能性不大。很少有人认为自己有偏见，而且人们几乎可以为任何信念找到理由，不管这种信念多么不合理。31 社会仍然必须揭露种族主义，谴责它，并惩罚对其他种族的人实施的犯罪行为。但种族主义这种病毒并不在意你在等级制度中的位置。它会感染我们所有人。32

亚裔美国人领袖必须提出的要求

我们常常被排除在外。多样性小组正确地关注黑人社区所面临的不公正待遇，但很少关注亚裔美国人和太平洋岛民（AAPIs）。33亚裔美国领导人必须站在消除系统性种族主义工作的中心：34

种族正义也应纳入外交政策。2021年3月，白宫将应对系统性种族主义和加强国内民主称为其外交政策愿景的“关键部分”37。这一点必须保持不变。

一个人民

从19世纪的首批劳工到新冠疫情，我们一直被视为永远的外国人，而对种族主义者的施压并未改变这一现状。无论我们的政治立场、种族或民族背景如何，我们都不能独自行事。我们必须与其他少数群体建立联盟，跨越国家和民族的界限，发出更响亮的声音，更加引人注目。我们必须团结成一个人民，一个国家。

注释之后：讨论，用他们自己的话，一段由杰斐逊（Thomas Jefferson）、林肯（Abraham Lincoln）和富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）的话语汇编而成的对话。

注释

（来源保留英文原文。）

  1. Abby Budiman and Neil G. Ruiz, “Key Facts about Asian Origin Groups in the U.S.,” Pew Research Center, April 29, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/04/29/key-facts-about-asian-origin-groups-in-the-u-s/. ↩︎

  2. Bill Imada, “History and Myths Marginalize Asian Americans,” USC Annenberg Relevance Report, December 28, 2020, https://annenberg.usc.edu/research/center-public-relations/usc-annenberg-relevance-report/history-and-myths-marginalize-asian. The history, the inclusion paragraph, and the four recommendations are adapted from this essay. ↩︎

  3. Abby Budiman, “Asian Americans Are the Fastest-Growing Racial or Ethnic Group in the U.S. Electorate,” Pew Research Center, May 7, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2020/05/07/asian-americans-are-the-fastest-growing-racial-or-ethnic-group-in-the-u-s-electorate/. ↩︎

  4. Bill Imada, “History and Myths Marginalize Asian Americans,” USC Annenberg Relevance Report, December 28, 2020, https://annenberg.usc.edu/research/center-public-relations/usc-annenberg-relevance-report/history-and-myths-marginalize-asian. The history, the inclusion paragraph, and the four recommendations are adapted from this essay. ↩︎

  5. Bill Imada, “History and Myths Marginalize Asian Americans,” USC Annenberg Relevance Report, December 28, 2020, https://annenberg.usc.edu/research/center-public-relations/usc-annenberg-relevance-report/history-and-myths-marginalize-asian. The history, the inclusion paragraph, and the four recommendations are adapted from this essay. ↩︎

  6. National Park Service, “Anti-Asian Laws and Policies,” https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/anti-asian-laws-and-policies.htm. ↩︎

  7. National Park Service, “Anti-Asian Laws and Policies,” https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/anti-asian-laws-and-policies.htm. ↩︎

  8. National Park Service, “Anti-Asian Laws and Policies,” https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/anti-asian-laws-and-policies.htm. ↩︎

  9. Perez v. Sharp, 32 Cal. 2d 711 (1948), striking down California Civil Code sections 60 and 69; code text quoted at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perez_v._Sharp. ↩︎

  10. People v. Hall, 4 Cal. 399 (1854), https://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/1854/4-cal-399.html. ↩︎

  11. U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, “Combating Post-9/11 Discriminatory Backlash,” updated August 6, 2015, https://www.justice.gov/crt/combating-post-911-discriminatory-backlash-6. ↩︎

  12. Bobbie Person et al., “Fear and Stigma: The Epidemic within the SARS Outbreak,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 10, no. 2 (February 2004), https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/2/03-0750_article. ↩︎

  13. Bill Imada, “History and Myths Marginalize Asian Americans,” USC Annenberg Relevance Report, December 28, 2020, https://annenberg.usc.edu/research/center-public-relations/usc-annenberg-relevance-report/history-and-myths-marginalize-asian. The history, the inclusion paragraph, and the four recommendations are adapted from this essay. ↩︎

  14. Chinese for Affirmative Action, “Attacks Against AAPI Community Continue to Rise During Pandemic,” August 27, 2020, https://caasf.org/press-release/attacks-against-aapi-community-continue-to-rise-during-pandemic/. ↩︎

  15. Russell Jeung et al., “Stop AAPI Hate National Report, 3/19/20 to 2/28/21,” March 2021, https://stopaapihate.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Stop-AAPI-Hate-Report-National-210316.pdf. ↩︎

  16. Kimmy Yam, “Anti-Asian Hate Crimes Increased by Nearly 150% in 2020, Mostly in N.Y. and L.A., New Report Says,” NBC News, March 9, 2021, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/anti-asian-hate-crimes-increased-nearly-150-2020-mostly-n-n1260264. ↩︎

  17. Russell Jeung et al., “Stop AAPI Hate Youth Report,” September 2020, https://stopaapihate.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Stop-AAPI-Hate-Report-Youth-Incidents-200917.pdf. ↩︎

  18. Marian Liu and Rachel Hatzipanagos, “‘Nobody Came, Nobody Helped’: Fears of Anti-Asian Violence Rattle the Community,” Washington Post, March 1, 2021, reprinted at https://epibiostat.ucsf.edu/news/%E2%80%98nobody-came-nobody-helped%E2%80%99-fears-anti-asian-violence-rattle-community. ↩︎

  19. “2021 Atlanta Spa Shootings,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Atlanta_spa_shootings; Anh Do, Los Angeles Times, March 16, 2021, https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-03-16/anti-asian-hate-pandemic. ↩︎

  20. Long Nguyen, “Vietnamese in US Rattled by Rising Hate Crimes against Asians,” VnExpress International, March 6, 2021, https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/trend/vietnamese-in-us-rattled-by-rising-hate-crimes-against-asians-4243691.html. ↩︎

  21. Serena Puang, “Asians in U.S. Share Reasons They’re Now Looking at Opportunities Abroad,” NBC News, June 14, 2021, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/asians-us-share-reasons-now-looking-opportunities-abroad-rcna1171. ↩︎

  22. Bill Imada, “History and Myths Marginalize Asian Americans,” USC Annenberg Relevance Report, December 28, 2020, https://annenberg.usc.edu/research/center-public-relations/usc-annenberg-relevance-report/history-and-myths-marginalize-asian. The history, the inclusion paragraph, and the four recommendations are adapted from this essay. ↩︎

  23. Marian Liu and Rachel Hatzipanagos, “‘Nobody Came, Nobody Helped’: Fears of Anti-Asian Violence Rattle the Community,” Washington Post, March 1, 2021, reprinted at https://epibiostat.ucsf.edu/news/%E2%80%98nobody-came-nobody-helped%E2%80%99-fears-anti-asian-violence-rattle-community. ↩︎

  24. Marian Liu and Rachel Hatzipanagos, “‘Nobody Came, Nobody Helped’: Fears of Anti-Asian Violence Rattle the Community,” Washington Post, March 1, 2021, reprinted at https://epibiostat.ucsf.edu/news/%E2%80%98nobody-came-nobody-helped%E2%80%99-fears-anti-asian-violence-rattle-community. ↩︎

  25. U.S. Department of Justice, “Acting Deputy Attorney General John Carlin Delivers Remarks on Domestic Terrorism,” February 26, 2021, https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/speech/acting-deputy-attorney-general-john-carlin-delivers-remarks-domestic-terrorism. ↩︎

  26. Izzy Kalman, “A Bottom-Up Approach to Reducing Racism,” Psychology Today, December 18, 2018, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/resilience-bullying/201812/bottom-approach-reducing-racism, quoting Erika Hayasaki, “The Pathology of Prejudice,” The New Republic. The arguments in “Why pressure alone fails” draw on Kalman. ↩︎

  27. Izzy Kalman, “A Bottom-Up Approach to Reducing Racism,” Psychology Today, December 18, 2018, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/resilience-bullying/201812/bottom-approach-reducing-racism, quoting Erika Hayasaki, “The Pathology of Prejudice,” The New Republic. The arguments in “Why pressure alone fails” draw on Kalman. ↩︎

  28. Izzy Kalman, “A Bottom-Up Approach to Reducing Racism,” Psychology Today, December 18, 2018, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/resilience-bullying/201812/bottom-approach-reducing-racism, quoting Erika Hayasaki, “The Pathology of Prejudice,” The New Republic. The arguments in “Why pressure alone fails” draw on Kalman. ↩︎

  29. Izzy Kalman, “A Bottom-Up Approach to Reducing Racism,” Psychology Today, December 18, 2018, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/resilience-bullying/201812/bottom-approach-reducing-racism, quoting Erika Hayasaki, “The Pathology of Prejudice,” The New Republic. The arguments in “Why pressure alone fails” draw on Kalman. ↩︎

  30. Izzy Kalman, “A Bottom-Up Approach to Reducing Racism,” Psychology Today, December 18, 2018, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/resilience-bullying/201812/bottom-approach-reducing-racism, quoting Erika Hayasaki, “The Pathology of Prejudice,” The New Republic. The arguments in “Why pressure alone fails” draw on Kalman. ↩︎

  31. Izzy Kalman, “A Bottom-Up Approach to Reducing Racism,” Psychology Today, December 18, 2018, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/resilience-bullying/201812/bottom-approach-reducing-racism, quoting Erika Hayasaki, “The Pathology of Prejudice,” The New Republic. The arguments in “Why pressure alone fails” draw on Kalman. ↩︎

  32. Izzy Kalman, “A Bottom-Up Approach to Reducing Racism,” Psychology Today, December 18, 2018, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/resilience-bullying/201812/bottom-approach-reducing-racism, quoting Erika Hayasaki, “The Pathology of Prejudice,” The New Republic. The arguments in “Why pressure alone fails” draw on Kalman. ↩︎

  33. Bill Imada, “History and Myths Marginalize Asian Americans,” USC Annenberg Relevance Report, December 28, 2020, https://annenberg.usc.edu/research/center-public-relations/usc-annenberg-relevance-report/history-and-myths-marginalize-asian. The history, the inclusion paragraph, and the four recommendations are adapted from this essay. ↩︎

  34. Bill Imada, “History and Myths Marginalize Asian Americans,” USC Annenberg Relevance Report, December 28, 2020, https://annenberg.usc.edu/research/center-public-relations/usc-annenberg-relevance-report/history-and-myths-marginalize-asian. The history, the inclusion paragraph, and the four recommendations are adapted from this essay. ↩︎

  35. Abby Budiman and Neil G. Ruiz, “Key Facts about Asian Origin Groups in the U.S.,” Pew Research Center, April 29, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/04/29/key-facts-about-asian-origin-groups-in-the-u-s/. ↩︎

  36. Abby Budiman and Neil G. Ruiz, “Key Facts about Asian Origin Groups in the U.S.,” Pew Research Center, April 29, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/04/29/key-facts-about-asian-origin-groups-in-the-u-s/. ↩︎

  37. The White House, “Fact Sheet: U.S. Efforts to Combat Systemic Racism,” March 21, 2021, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/fact-sheet-us-efforts-combat-systemic-racism. ↩︎

讨论：他们自己的原话

一段由他们本人话语组成的对话。 托马斯·杰斐逊（Thomas Jefferson）、亚伯拉罕·林肯（Abraham Lincoln）和本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）从未像这样进行过对话。他们下面所说的每一句话都是从他们自己的著作或演讲中逐字引用的，每句话下方都有出处。保留原始的拼写和大小写。只有斜体的简短句子属于叙述者。这三个人并没有提出任何建议。他们只是针对何昶义（Ho Chanh Nghia）文章中已经提出的观点发表言论。

平等地位

这篇文章以平等的承诺为起点，并探讨了亚裔美国人经常被当作平等之外的局外人对待的现象。

Thomas Jefferson

“We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”

我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等；造物主赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。

Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 · avalon.law.yale.edu

Abraham Lincoln

“a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal”

一个崭新的国家，诞生于自由之中，致力于这样一个真理：所有人生而平等。

Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863 · avalon.law.yale.edu

这篇文章回顾了那些将亚洲人排除在外的法律，包括排外法、禁止入籍和土地法。林肯在他那个时代也看到了同样的狭隘现象。

Abraham Lincoln

“As a nation, we began by declaring that ‘all men are created equal.’ We now practically read it ‘all men are created equal, except negroes’ When the Know-Nothings get control, it will read ‘all men are created equal, except negroes, and foreigners, and Catholics.’”

作为一个国家，我们最初宣称“所有人生而平等”。我们现在实际上却读作“所有人生而平等，除了黑人”。当“不知论者”掌权后，它将读作“所有人生而平等，除了黑人、外国人和天主教徒”。

Letter to Joshua F. Speed, August 24, 1855, Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler · text: abrahamlincolnonline.org

Thomas Jefferson

“And shall we refuse the unhappy fugitives from distress that hospitality which the savages of the wilderness extended to our fathers arriving in this land? Shall oppressed humanity find no asylum on this globe?”

难道我们要拒绝那些从苦难中逃亡的不幸者所应得的款待吗？难道那些野蛮人曾在荒野中向我们的祖先伸出援手，而我们却要拒绝他们吗？受压迫的人类在这个星球上找不到避难所吗？

First Annual Message to Congress, December 8, 1801 · avalon.law.yale.edu

少数群体权利

这篇文章要求人们认识到，亚裔美国人和太平洋岛民（AAPIs）也面临着系统性种族主义和不公正待遇。

Thomas Jefferson

“All, too, will bear in mind this sacred principle, that though the will of the majority is in all cases to prevail, that will to be rightful must be reasonable; that the minority possess their equal rights, which equal law must protect, and to violate would be oppression.”

同样，所有人都应牢记这一神圣原则：虽然多数人的意志在所有情况下都应占上风，但这种意志要正当就必须合理；少数人拥有与多数人平等的权利，平等的法律必须予以保护，任何侵犯这些权利的行为都是压迫。

First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1801 · avalon.law.yale.edu

Thomas Jefferson

“Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political”

对所有的人，无论其身份或信仰，宗教或政治立场，都给予平等和精确的正义。

First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1801 · avalon.law.yale.edu

将整个民族归咎于某人

这篇文章描述了亚裔美国人因为长相而遭到攻击和指责的情况。富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）在1764年写到有一群暴徒因为别人的所作所为而杀害了和平的康尼托加印第安人。

Benjamin Franklin

“If an Indian injures me, does it follow that I may revenge that Injury on all Indians? It is well known that Indians are of different Tribes, Nations and Languages, as well as the White People.”

如果一个印第安人伤害了我，那么我是否就可以报复所有印第安人？众所周知，印第安人分属不同的部落、民族和语言，就如同白人一样。

A Narrative of the Late Massacres, in Lancaster County, [January 30?] 1764 · Founders Online · text: archived transcription

Benjamin Franklin

“The only Crime of these poor Wretches seems to have been, that they had a reddish brown Skin, and black Hair; and some People of that Sort, it seems, had murdered some of our Relations.”

这些可怜的家伙似乎唯一的罪过，就是他们有着红棕色的皮肤和黑头发；而且似乎有部分这样的人杀害了我们的亲属。

A Narrative of the Late Massacres, in Lancaster County, [January 30?] 1764 · Founders Online · text: archived transcription

Benjamin Franklin

“But the Wickedness cannot be covered, the Guilt will lie on the whole Land, till Justice is done on the Murderers.”

但邪恶无法掩盖，罪责将落在全地，直到对凶手执行正义。

A Narrative of the Late Massacres, in Lancaster County, [January 30?] 1764 · Founders Online · text: archived transcription

暴徒与法律

这篇文章指出仇恨犯罪事件在上升，社区居民害怕外出。

Abraham Lincoln

“the increasing disregard for law which pervades the country; the growing disposition to substitute the wild and furious passions, in lieu of the sober judgment of Courts; and the worse than savage mobs, for the executive ministers of justice.”

日益加剧的对法律的蔑视蔓延于全国；日益增长的倾向以狂暴的激情取代法庭的冷静判断；以及比野蛮暴徒更恶劣的暴徒，取代了执行司法的官员。

Address before the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, January 27, 1838, Collected Works · text: abrahamlincolnonline.org

Abraham Lincoln

“There is no grievance that is a fit object of redress by mob law.”

没有任何一种冤屈适合用暴民法律来伸张。

Address before the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, January 27, 1838, Collected Works · text: abrahamlincolnonline.org

这篇文章认为危险是内生的，是系统内部的病毒。

Abraham Lincoln

“At what point then is the approach of danger to be expected? I answer, if it ever reach us, it must spring up amongst us. It cannot come from abroad. If destruction be our lot, we must ourselves be its author and finisher.”

那么，危险何时会来临呢？我的回答是，如果它真的来临，必定是我们内部产生，而不是来自国外。如果毁灭是我们的命运，那我们自己必定是它的制造者和完成者。

Address before the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, January 27, 1838, Collected Works · text: abrahamlincolnonline.org

一个人民

文章最后呼吁各少数群体跨越国家和民族的界限，团结成一个人民。

Abraham Lincoln

“A house divided against itself cannot stand.”

一个国家如果分裂对立，就无法长久存在。

House Divided Speech, Springfield, June 16, 1858, Collected Works · text: nps.gov

Abraham Lincoln

“Of strange, discordant, and even, hostile elements, we gathered from the four winds, and formed and fought the battle through”

由奇怪、不和谐，甚至敌对的元素组成，我们从四面八方聚集起来，组成了战斗并进行了战斗。

House Divided Speech, Springfield, June 16, 1858, Collected Works · text: nps.gov

Thomas Jefferson

“Let us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with one heart and one mind.”

同胞们，让我们同心协力，团结一致。

First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1801 · avalon.law.yale.edu

Abraham Lincoln

“We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies.”

我们不是敌人，而是朋友。我们不应成为敌人。

First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861 · avalon.law.yale.edu

Abraham Lincoln

“that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom”

让这个在上帝庇佑下的国家获得自由的新生

Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863 · avalon.law.yale.edu

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